<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><rss xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" xmlns:content="http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/content/" xmlns:atom="http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom" version="2.0" xmlns:itunes="http://www.itunes.com/dtds/podcast-1.0.dtd" xmlns:googleplay="http://www.google.com/schemas/play-podcasts/1.0"><channel><title><![CDATA[Data For Science: Causal Inference]]></title><description><![CDATA[Causal Inference in Python]]></description><link>https://data4sci.substack.com/s/causal-inference</link><image><url>https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!4Dtu!,w_256,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fbucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc84f944b-a7ca-472c-bccb-7f9f18ad0bfa_540x540.png</url><title>Data For Science: Causal Inference</title><link>https://data4sci.substack.com/s/causal-inference</link></image><generator>Substack</generator><lastBuildDate>Sun, 16 Aug 2026 04:54:26 GMT</lastBuildDate><atom:link href="https://data4sci.substack.com/feed" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml"/><copyright><![CDATA[Data For Science, Inc]]></copyright><language><![CDATA[en]]></language><webMaster><![CDATA[data4sci@substack.com]]></webMaster><itunes:owner><itunes:email><![CDATA[data4sci@substack.com]]></itunes:email><itunes:name><![CDATA[Bruno Gonçalves]]></itunes:name></itunes:owner><itunes:author><![CDATA[Bruno Gonçalves]]></itunes:author><googleplay:owner><![CDATA[data4sci@substack.com]]></googleplay:owner><googleplay:email><![CDATA[data4sci@substack.com]]></googleplay:email><googleplay:author><![CDATA[Bruno Gonçalves]]></googleplay:author><itunes:block><![CDATA[Yes]]></itunes:block><item><title><![CDATA[Mediation]]></title><description><![CDATA[Causal Inference]]></description><link>https://data4sci.substack.com/p/mediation</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://data4sci.substack.com/p/mediation</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Bruno Gonçalves]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Sat, 13 Feb 2021 14:07:00 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!8pDF!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F218d1769-3fda-4eeb-9d32-14e9199e8c54_504x504.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<h4>Causal Inference</h4><p>This is the fifteenth post on the series we work our way through &#8220;Causal Inference In Statistics&#8221; a nice Primer co-authored by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judea_Pearl">Judea Pearl</a> himself.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!KSb2!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F33b4ff9e-1543-4937-96e3-8e2cb3f8fb76_172x250.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!KSb2!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F33b4ff9e-1543-4937-96e3-8e2cb3f8fb76_172x250.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!KSb2!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F33b4ff9e-1543-4937-96e3-8e2cb3f8fb76_172x250.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!KSb2!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F33b4ff9e-1543-4937-96e3-8e2cb3f8fb76_172x250.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!KSb2!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F33b4ff9e-1543-4937-96e3-8e2cb3f8fb76_172x250.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!KSb2!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F33b4ff9e-1543-4937-96e3-8e2cb3f8fb76_172x250.jpeg" width="172" height="250" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/33b4ff9e-1543-4937-96e3-8e2cb3f8fb76_172x250.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:250,&quot;width&quot;:172,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!KSb2!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F33b4ff9e-1543-4937-96e3-8e2cb3f8fb76_172x250.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!KSb2!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F33b4ff9e-1543-4937-96e3-8e2cb3f8fb76_172x250.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!KSb2!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F33b4ff9e-1543-4937-96e3-8e2cb3f8fb76_172x250.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!KSb2!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F33b4ff9e-1543-4937-96e3-8e2cb3f8fb76_172x250.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption"><a href="https://amzn.to/3gsFlkO">Amazon Affiliate Link</a></figcaption></figure></div><p>You can find the previous post <a href="https://medium.com/data-for-science/causal-inference-part-xiv-inverse-probability-weighing-f81680321427">here</a> and all the we relevant Python code in the companion GitHub Repository:</p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://github.com/DataForScience/Causality&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Causality GitHub&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:&quot;button-wrapper&quot;}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary button-wrapper" href="https://github.com/DataForScience/Causality"><span>Causality GitHub</span></a></p><p>While I will do my best to introduce the content in a clear and accessible way, I highly recommend that you get the book yourself and follow along. So, without further ado, let&#8217;s get started!</p>
      <p>
          <a href="https://data4sci.substack.com/p/mediation">
              Read more
          </a>
      </p>
   ]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Inverse Probability Weighing]]></title><description><![CDATA[This is the fourteenth post on the series we work our way through &#8220;Causal Inference In Statistics&#8221; a nice Primer co-authored by Judea Pearl himself.]]></description><link>https://data4sci.substack.com/p/inverse-probability-weighing</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://data4sci.substack.com/p/inverse-probability-weighing</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Bruno Gonçalves]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Sun, 20 Dec 2020 14:05:00 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!IjNV!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3514da3d-3ce0-41f2-98e2-712c0a643a8b_938x964.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>This is the fourteenth post on the series we work our way through &#8220;Causal Inference In Statistics&#8221; a nice Primer co-authored by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judea_Pearl">Judea Pearl</a> himself.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!m4n2!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F58adce47-cb52-452d-b406-8d43a8381b64_172x250.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!m4n2!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F58adce47-cb52-452d-b406-8d43a8381b64_172x250.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!m4n2!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F58adce47-cb52-452d-b406-8d43a8381b64_172x250.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!m4n2!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F58adce47-cb52-452d-b406-8d43a8381b64_172x250.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!m4n2!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F58adce47-cb52-452d-b406-8d43a8381b64_172x250.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!m4n2!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F58adce47-cb52-452d-b406-8d43a8381b64_172x250.jpeg" width="172" height="250" 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https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!m4n2!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F58adce47-cb52-452d-b406-8d43a8381b64_172x250.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!m4n2!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F58adce47-cb52-452d-b406-8d43a8381b64_172x250.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!m4n2!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F58adce47-cb52-452d-b406-8d43a8381b64_172x250.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption"><a href="https://amzn.to/3gsFlkO">Amazon Affiliate Link</a></figcaption></figure></div><p>You can find the previous post <a href="https://medium.com/data-for-science/causal-inference-part-xiii-conditional-interventions-and-covariate-specific-effects-1c0126b8b996">here</a> and all the we relevant Python code in the companion GitHub Repository:</p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://github.com/DataForScience/Causality&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Causality GitHub&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://github.com/DataForScience/Causality"><span>Causality GitHub</span></a></p><p>While I will do my best to introduce the content in a clear and accessible way, I highly recommend that you get the book yourself and follow along. So, without further ado, let&#8217;s get started!</p>
      <p>
          <a href="https://data4sci.substack.com/p/inverse-probability-weighing">
              Read more
          </a>
      </p>
   ]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Conditional Interventions and Covariate-Specific Effects]]></title><description><![CDATA[This is the thirteenth post in the series, in which we work our way through &#8220;Causal Inference In Statistics,&#8221; a nice Primer co-authored by Judea Pearl himself.]]></description><link>https://data4sci.substack.com/p/conditional-interventions-and-covariate</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://data4sci.substack.com/p/conditional-interventions-and-covariate</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Bruno Gonçalves]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Sun, 06 Dec 2020 14:02:00 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!lJ-U!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6a4a849c-1a1e-4ac2-a63f-1451d6c250aa_1600x513.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>This is the thirteenth post in the series, in which we work our way through &#8220;Causal Inference In Statistics,&#8221; a nice Primer co-authored by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judea_Pearl">Judea Pearl</a> himself.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!e8N8!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fec543113-32c3-4547-8144-4da78d574bde_172x250.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!e8N8!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fec543113-32c3-4547-8144-4da78d574bde_172x250.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!e8N8!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fec543113-32c3-4547-8144-4da78d574bde_172x250.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!e8N8!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fec543113-32c3-4547-8144-4da78d574bde_172x250.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!e8N8!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fec543113-32c3-4547-8144-4da78d574bde_172x250.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!e8N8!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fec543113-32c3-4547-8144-4da78d574bde_172x250.jpeg" width="172" height="250" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/ec543113-32c3-4547-8144-4da78d574bde_172x250.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:250,&quot;width&quot;:172,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!e8N8!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fec543113-32c3-4547-8144-4da78d574bde_172x250.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!e8N8!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fec543113-32c3-4547-8144-4da78d574bde_172x250.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!e8N8!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fec543113-32c3-4547-8144-4da78d574bde_172x250.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!e8N8!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fec543113-32c3-4547-8144-4da78d574bde_172x250.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption"><a href="https://amzn.to/3gsFlkO">Amazon Affiliate Link</a></figcaption></figure></div><p>You can find the previous post <a href="https://medium.com/data-for-science/causal-inference-part-xii-front-door-criterion-38bec5172f3e">here</a> and all the we relevant Python code in the companion GitHub Repository:</p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://github.com/DataForScience/Causality&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Causality GitHub&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://github.com/DataForScience/Causality"><span>Causality GitHub</span></a></p><p>While I will do my best to introduce the content in a clear and accessible way, I highly recommend that you get the book yourself and follow along. So, without further ado, let&#8217;s get started!</p>
      <p>
          <a href="https://data4sci.substack.com/p/conditional-interventions-and-covariate">
              Read more
          </a>
      </p>
   ]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Front-door Criterion]]></title><description><![CDATA[This is the twelfth post on the series we work our way through &#8220;Causal Inference In Statistics&#8221; a nice Primer co-authored by Judea Pearl himself.]]></description><link>https://data4sci.substack.com/p/front-door-criterion</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://data4sci.substack.com/p/front-door-criterion</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Bruno Gonçalves]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Sun, 15 Nov 2020 13:59:00 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbdee0290-994d-4a57-9fca-40fc9c0d8a6b_504x504.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!r8E2!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb881cde2-b854-46b1-922f-af75a8dc22ed_2600x1950.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!r8E2!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb881cde2-b854-46b1-922f-af75a8dc22ed_2600x1950.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!r8E2!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb881cde2-b854-46b1-922f-af75a8dc22ed_2600x1950.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!r8E2!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb881cde2-b854-46b1-922f-af75a8dc22ed_2600x1950.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!r8E2!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb881cde2-b854-46b1-922f-af75a8dc22ed_2600x1950.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!r8E2!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb881cde2-b854-46b1-922f-af75a8dc22ed_2600x1950.jpeg" width="1456" height="1092" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/b881cde2-b854-46b1-922f-af75a8dc22ed_2600x1950.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:1092,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!r8E2!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb881cde2-b854-46b1-922f-af75a8dc22ed_2600x1950.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!r8E2!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb881cde2-b854-46b1-922f-af75a8dc22ed_2600x1950.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!r8E2!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb881cde2-b854-46b1-922f-af75a8dc22ed_2600x1950.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!r8E2!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb881cde2-b854-46b1-922f-af75a8dc22ed_2600x1950.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">Photo by <a href="https://unsplash.com/@pyexpyex?utm_source=medium&amp;utm_medium=referral">This Guy</a> on&nbsp;<a href="https://unsplash.com?utm_source=medium&amp;utm_medium=referral">Unsplash</a></figcaption></figure></div><p>This is the twelfth post on the series we work our way through &#8220;Causal Inference In Statistics&#8221; a nice Primer co-authored by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judea_Pearl">Judea Pearl</a> himself.</p>
      <p>
          <a href="https://data4sci.substack.com/p/front-door-criterion">
              Read more
          </a>
      </p>
   ]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Backdoor Criterion]]></title><description><![CDATA[This is the eleventh post on the series we work our way through &#8220;Causal Inference In Statistics&#8221; a nice Primer co-authored by Judea Pearl himself.]]></description><link>https://data4sci.substack.com/p/backdoor-criterion</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://data4sci.substack.com/p/backdoor-criterion</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Bruno Gonçalves]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Sun, 08 Nov 2020 13:55:00 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!75jh!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F91266499-1403-4b1b-862f-f9659215c062_504x504.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>This is the eleventh post on the series we work our way through &#8220;Causal Inference In Statistics&#8221; a nice Primer co-authored by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judea_Pearl">Judea Pearl</a> himself.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qYZm!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F244938b3-99fc-4ae9-815b-7cfb9e5bcdd4_172x250.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qYZm!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F244938b3-99fc-4ae9-815b-7cfb9e5bcdd4_172x250.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qYZm!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F244938b3-99fc-4ae9-815b-7cfb9e5bcdd4_172x250.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qYZm!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F244938b3-99fc-4ae9-815b-7cfb9e5bcdd4_172x250.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qYZm!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F244938b3-99fc-4ae9-815b-7cfb9e5bcdd4_172x250.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qYZm!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F244938b3-99fc-4ae9-815b-7cfb9e5bcdd4_172x250.jpeg" width="172" height="250" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/244938b3-99fc-4ae9-815b-7cfb9e5bcdd4_172x250.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:250,&quot;width&quot;:172,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qYZm!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F244938b3-99fc-4ae9-815b-7cfb9e5bcdd4_172x250.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qYZm!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F244938b3-99fc-4ae9-815b-7cfb9e5bcdd4_172x250.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qYZm!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F244938b3-99fc-4ae9-815b-7cfb9e5bcdd4_172x250.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qYZm!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F244938b3-99fc-4ae9-815b-7cfb9e5bcdd4_172x250.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption"><a href="https://amzn.to/3gsFlkO">Amazon Affiliate Link</a></figcaption></figure></div><p>You can find the previous post <a href="https://medium.com/data-for-science/causal-inference-part-x-the-adjustment-formula-f9668469d76">here</a> and all the we relevant Python code in the companion GitHub Repository:</p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://github.com/DataForScience/Causality&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Causality GitHub&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://github.com/DataForScience/Causality"><span>Causality GitHub</span></a></p><p>While I will do my best to introduce the content in a clear and accessible way, I highly recommend that you get the book yourself and follow along. So, without further ado, let&#8217;s get started!</p>
      <p>
          <a href="https://data4sci.substack.com/p/backdoor-criterion">
              Read more
          </a>
      </p>
   ]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[The Adjustment Formula]]></title><description><![CDATA[This is the tenth post on the series we work our way through &#8220;Causal Inference In Statistics&#8221; a nice Primer co-authored by Judea Pearl himself.]]></description><link>https://data4sci.substack.com/p/the-adjustment-formula</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://data4sci.substack.com/p/the-adjustment-formula</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Bruno Gonçalves]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Sun, 01 Nov 2020 13:51:00 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!5Drx!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5ff4db0c-7d06-45b9-b3ad-69a75f9dd0d1_1382x726.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>This is the tenth post on the series we work our way through &#8220;Causal Inference In Statistics&#8221; a nice Primer co-authored by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judea_Pearl">Judea Pearl</a> himself.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!leSp!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbdb175b1-0181-49c9-a5e7-20dd91f4b6dd_172x250.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!leSp!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbdb175b1-0181-49c9-a5e7-20dd91f4b6dd_172x250.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!leSp!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbdb175b1-0181-49c9-a5e7-20dd91f4b6dd_172x250.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!leSp!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbdb175b1-0181-49c9-a5e7-20dd91f4b6dd_172x250.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!leSp!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbdb175b1-0181-49c9-a5e7-20dd91f4b6dd_172x250.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!leSp!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbdb175b1-0181-49c9-a5e7-20dd91f4b6dd_172x250.jpeg" width="172" height="250" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/bdb175b1-0181-49c9-a5e7-20dd91f4b6dd_172x250.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:250,&quot;width&quot;:172,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!leSp!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbdb175b1-0181-49c9-a5e7-20dd91f4b6dd_172x250.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!leSp!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbdb175b1-0181-49c9-a5e7-20dd91f4b6dd_172x250.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!leSp!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbdb175b1-0181-49c9-a5e7-20dd91f4b6dd_172x250.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!leSp!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbdb175b1-0181-49c9-a5e7-20dd91f4b6dd_172x250.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption"><a href="https://amzn.to/3gsFlkO">Amazon Affiliate Link</a></figcaption></figure></div><p>You can find the previous post <a href="https://medium.com/data-for-science/causal-inference-part-ix-interventions-c3f94190191d">here</a> and all the we relevant Python code in the companion GitHub Repository:</p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://github.com/DataForScience/Causality&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Causality GitHub&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://github.com/DataForScience/Causality"><span>Causality GitHub</span></a></p><p>While I will do my best to introduce the content in a clear and accessible way, I highly recommend that you get the book yourself and follow along. So, without further ado, let&#8217;s get started!</p>
      <p>
          <a href="https://data4sci.substack.com/p/the-adjustment-formula">
              Read more
          </a>
      </p>
   ]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Interventions]]></title><link>https://data4sci.substack.com/p/interventions</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://data4sci.substack.com/p/interventions</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Bruno Gonçalves]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Sun, 18 Oct 2020 12:48:00 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!wuUY!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc729c5ab-b617-4787-8e2a-b9dd97ec6fd6_2410x1608.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[
      <p>
          <a href="https://data4sci.substack.com/p/interventions">
              Read more
          </a>
      </p>
   ]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Model Testing and Causal Search]]></title><link>https://data4sci.substack.com/p/model-testing-and-causal-search</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://data4sci.substack.com/p/model-testing-and-causal-search</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Bruno Gonçalves]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Sun, 11 Oct 2020 12:43:00 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!6QrO!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8ea8a839-8c58-4b37-b1ff-c40789634cee_1824x744.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[
      <p>
          <a href="https://data4sci.substack.com/p/model-testing-and-causal-search">
              Read more
          </a>
      </p>
   ]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[d-separation]]></title><link>https://data4sci.substack.com/p/d-separation</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://data4sci.substack.com/p/d-separation</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Bruno Gonçalves]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Sun, 13 Sep 2020 19:17:00 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!MOzq!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffed8eae6-d48e-4a2a-b0a1-ad314d27ebf5_1224x1824.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[
      <p>
          <a href="https://data4sci.substack.com/p/d-separation">
              Read more
          </a>
      </p>
   ]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Colliders]]></title><description><![CDATA[This is the sixth post on the series we work our way through &#8220;Causal Inference In Statistics&#8221; a nice Primer co-authored by Judea Pearl himself.]]></description><link>https://data4sci.substack.com/p/colliders</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://data4sci.substack.com/p/colliders</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Bruno Gonçalves]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Sun, 06 Sep 2020 19:09:00 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!WtYQ!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F25505918-0c7a-4317-8c43-a2874da0e2e6_2400x1799.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!WtYQ!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F25505918-0c7a-4317-8c43-a2874da0e2e6_2400x1799.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!WtYQ!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F25505918-0c7a-4317-8c43-a2874da0e2e6_2400x1799.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!WtYQ!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F25505918-0c7a-4317-8c43-a2874da0e2e6_2400x1799.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!WtYQ!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F25505918-0c7a-4317-8c43-a2874da0e2e6_2400x1799.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!WtYQ!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F25505918-0c7a-4317-8c43-a2874da0e2e6_2400x1799.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!WtYQ!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F25505918-0c7a-4317-8c43-a2874da0e2e6_2400x1799.jpeg" width="1456" height="1091" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/25505918-0c7a-4317-8c43-a2874da0e2e6_2400x1799.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:1091,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!WtYQ!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F25505918-0c7a-4317-8c43-a2874da0e2e6_2400x1799.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!WtYQ!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F25505918-0c7a-4317-8c43-a2874da0e2e6_2400x1799.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!WtYQ!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F25505918-0c7a-4317-8c43-a2874da0e2e6_2400x1799.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!WtYQ!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F25505918-0c7a-4317-8c43-a2874da0e2e6_2400x1799.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">Photo by <a href="https://unsplash.com/@abrahambarrera?utm_source=medium&amp;utm_medium=referral">Abraham Barrera</a> on&nbsp;<a href="https://unsplash.com?utm_source=medium&amp;utm_medium=referral">Unsplash</a></figcaption></figure></div><p>This is the sixth post on the series we work our way through &#8220;Causal Inference In Statistics&#8221; a nice Primer co-authored by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judea_Pearl">Judea Pearl</a> himself.</p>
      <p>
          <a href="https://data4sci.substack.com/p/colliders">
              Read more
          </a>
      </p>
   ]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Chains, and Forks]]></title><description><![CDATA[This is the fifth post on the series we work our way through &#8220;Causal Inference In Statistics&#8221; a nice Primer co-authored by Judea Pearl himself. You can find the previous post here and all the relevant Python code in the companion GitHub Repository: While I will do my best to introduce the content in a clear and accessible way, I highly recommend that you get the book yourself and follow along. So, without further ado, let&#8217;s get started!]]></description><link>https://data4sci.substack.com/p/chains-and-forks</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://data4sci.substack.com/p/chains-and-forks</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Bruno Gonçalves]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Sun, 16 Aug 2020 19:05:00 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F133c28b7-6915-4238-b56c-4abf4d8d51cf_1600x1370.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[
      <p>
          <a href="https://data4sci.substack.com/p/chains-and-forks">
              Read more
          </a>
      </p>
   ]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Structural Causal Models]]></title><link>https://data4sci.substack.com/p/structural-causal-models-e4d</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://data4sci.substack.com/p/structural-causal-models-e4d</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Bruno Gonçalves]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Sat, 25 Jul 2020 19:01:00 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!kYk8!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8b311866-8e06-4c7a-bafb-d9efebafb235_2600x1733.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[
      <p>
          <a href="https://data4sci.substack.com/p/structural-causal-models-e4d">
              Read more
          </a>
      </p>
   ]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Graphs]]></title><link>https://data4sci.substack.com/p/graphs</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://data4sci.substack.com/p/graphs</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Bruno Gonçalves]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Sat, 18 Jul 2020 18:56:00 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!8gkn!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa0e28c35-8ec2-47b0-aa2a-00b4583485b9_2600x1733.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[
      <p>
          <a href="https://data4sci.substack.com/p/graphs">
              Read more
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      </p>
   ]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Probability Theory]]></title><description><![CDATA[This is the second post on the series we work our way through &#8220;Causal Inference In Statistics&#8221; a nice Primer co-authored by Judea Pearl himself.]]></description><link>https://data4sci.substack.com/p/probability-theory</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://data4sci.substack.com/p/probability-theory</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Bruno Gonçalves]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Sun, 23 Feb 2020 19:49:00 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!hmgT!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdb09f329-1d71-44e9-9417-a793c8e007c8_1600x1028.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!hmgT!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdb09f329-1d71-44e9-9417-a793c8e007c8_1600x1028.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!hmgT!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdb09f329-1d71-44e9-9417-a793c8e007c8_1600x1028.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!hmgT!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdb09f329-1d71-44e9-9417-a793c8e007c8_1600x1028.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!hmgT!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdb09f329-1d71-44e9-9417-a793c8e007c8_1600x1028.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!hmgT!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdb09f329-1d71-44e9-9417-a793c8e007c8_1600x1028.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!hmgT!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdb09f329-1d71-44e9-9417-a793c8e007c8_1600x1028.jpeg" width="1456" height="935" 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https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!hmgT!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdb09f329-1d71-44e9-9417-a793c8e007c8_1600x1028.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!hmgT!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdb09f329-1d71-44e9-9417-a793c8e007c8_1600x1028.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!hmgT!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdb09f329-1d71-44e9-9417-a793c8e007c8_1600x1028.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">Photo by <a href="https://unsplash.com/@sept_pancake?utm_source=medium&amp;utm_medium=referral">Erica Li</a> on&nbsp;<a href="https://unsplash.com?utm_source=medium&amp;utm_medium=referral">Unsplash</a></figcaption></figure></div><p>This is the second post on the series we work our way through &#8220;Causal Inference In Statistics&#8221; a nice Primer co-authored by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judea_Pearl">Judea Pearl</a> himself.</p>
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          <a href="https://data4sci.substack.com/p/probability-theory">
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   ]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Simpsons Paradox]]></title><description><![CDATA[How do causes lead to effects?]]></description><link>https://data4sci.substack.com/p/simpsons-paradox</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://data4sci.substack.com/p/simpsons-paradox</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Bruno Gonçalves]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Sun, 02 Feb 2020 19:45:00 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qqxS!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbc4928a9-c204-4cae-833d-ae6270ae95c8_1600x1067.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qqxS!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbc4928a9-c204-4cae-833d-ae6270ae95c8_1600x1067.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qqxS!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbc4928a9-c204-4cae-833d-ae6270ae95c8_1600x1067.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qqxS!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbc4928a9-c204-4cae-833d-ae6270ae95c8_1600x1067.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qqxS!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbc4928a9-c204-4cae-833d-ae6270ae95c8_1600x1067.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qqxS!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbc4928a9-c204-4cae-833d-ae6270ae95c8_1600x1067.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qqxS!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbc4928a9-c204-4cae-833d-ae6270ae95c8_1600x1067.jpeg" width="1456" height="971" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/bc4928a9-c204-4cae-833d-ae6270ae95c8_1600x1067.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:971,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qqxS!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbc4928a9-c204-4cae-833d-ae6270ae95c8_1600x1067.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qqxS!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbc4928a9-c204-4cae-833d-ae6270ae95c8_1600x1067.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qqxS!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbc4928a9-c204-4cae-833d-ae6270ae95c8_1600x1067.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qqxS!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbc4928a9-c204-4cae-833d-ae6270ae95c8_1600x1067.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">Photo by <a href="https://unsplash.com/@ashleyjurius?utm_source=medium&amp;utm_medium=referral">Ashley Jurius</a> on&nbsp;<a href="https://unsplash.com?utm_source=medium&amp;utm_medium=referral">Unsplash</a></figcaption></figure></div><p>How do causes lead to effects? Can you associate the cause leading to the observed effect? Big Data opens the doors for us to be able to answer questions such as this, but before we are able to do so, we must dive into the field of Causal Inference, a field championed by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judea_Pearl">Judea Pearl</a>.</p><p>In this series of blog posts we will learn about the main ideas of Causality by working our way through &#8220;Causal Inference In Statistics&#8221; a nice Primer co-authored by Pearl himself.</p>
      <p>
          <a href="https://data4sci.substack.com/p/simpsons-paradox">
              Read more
          </a>
      </p>
   ]]></content:encoded></item></channel></rss>